Material properties and the GI system

The way an object looks is defined by its ShaderA small script that contains the mathematical calculations and algorithms for calculating the Color of each pixel rendered, based on the lighting input and the Material configuration. More info
See in Glossary.

Legacy and current Shader mappings

Shader mappings in Unity versions 3 and 4 work in a different way to Shader mappings in Unity 5 onwards. The legacy Shader mappings are still supported in Unity 5 onwards. See Legacy material mappings, below.

Unity versions 3.x and 4.x used a simple mapping from material properties to lightmapperA tool in Unity that bakes lightmaps according to the arrangement of lights and geometry in your scene. More info
See in Glossary material properties. It worked for common cases but was based on naming conventions, tags and strings. You couldn’t do any custom surface properties as it was effectively hard coded to behave in a certain way. Unity version 5.0 onwards has flexible Shader mappings.

Meta pass (Unity 5.0 onwards)

Albedo and emissive are rendered using a special Meta Shader pass. Lightmap static GameObjectsThe fundamental object in Unity scenes, which can represent characters, props, scenery, cameras, waypoints, and more. A GameObject’s functionality is defined by the Components attached to it. More info
See in Glossary are rendered in lightmapA pre-rendered texture that contains the effects of light sources on static objects in the scene. Lightmaps are overlaid on top of scene geometry to create the effect of lighting. More info
See in Glossary space using the GPU. This means how the GameObject looks on screen and how it looks to the lightmapper are separate, so you can customize the Shaders.

The Meta pass decouples the albedo and emissive, which is used to compute Global Illumination (GI) during regular Shader passes. This allows you to control GI without affecting the Shader used for real-time renderingThe process of drawing graphics to the screen (or to a render texture). By default, the main camera in Unity renders its view to the screen. More info
See in Glossary. The standard ShaderA built-in shader for rendering real-world objects such as stone, wood, glass, plastic and metal. Supports a wide range of shader types and combinations. More info
See in Glossary contains a Meta pass by default. Global Illumination is managed in Unity by a piece of middleware called EnlightenThe lighting system by Geomerics used in Unity for computing global illumination (GI). More info
See in Glossary.

The Meta pass is how the Unity Editor handles albedo for metallic surfaces internally. Enlighten handles diffuse transport and uses surface albedo on each bounce. Metallic surfaces with black (or almost black) albedo do not bounce any light. The Shader pass that renders albedo biases it towards a brighter color with the hue of the metal. Dielectric materials (wood, plastic, plastic, stone, concrete, leather, skin) have white specular reflectance. Metals have spectral specular reflectance.

Note: Using the Meta pass is not as fast as DynamicGI.SetEmissive, but it is more flexible because you are not limited to a single color.

Legacy material mappings

The built-in legacy Shaders in Unity version 5.0 and newer contain a Meta pass already. If you are upgrading projects from Unity versions before 5.0, you should add a Meta pass. See Example Shader with a Meta pass, below, to learn how.

Custom RGB transparency

You can add custom color-based RGB transparency by adding a texture property called _TransparencyLM to a Shader. In this case, the standard behavior is dropped and only the values of this texture are used to evaluate the transmission through the material. This is useful when you want to create color-based transparency that is independent of the material color or albedo texture.

To create custom transmission behavior, add the following line to a Shader and assign a Texture:

_TransparencyLM ("Transmissive Texture", 2D) = "white" {}

Note: Unity detects certain legacy Shaders by the Shader’s properties and path/name keywords, such as Transparent, Tree, Leaf, Leaves.

Example Shader with a Meta pass

The Shader below allows for specifying a custom albedo color and Texture just for the GI system.

Shader "Custom/metaPassShader"{
 
    Properties {
        _Color ("Color", Color)=(1,1,1,1)
        _MainTex ("Albedo (RGB)",2D)="white"{}
        _Glossiness ("Smoothness", Range(0,1))=0.5
        _Metallic ("Metallic", Range(0,1))=0.0
 
        _GIAlbedoColor ("Color Albedo (GI)", Color)=(1,1,1,1)
        _GIAlbedoTex ("Albedo (GI)",2D)="white"{}
    }
 
    __SubShader__Each shader in Unity consists of a list of subshaders. When Unity has to display a mesh, it will find the shader to use, and pick the first subshader that runs on the user's graphics card. [More info](SL-SubShader.html)<span class="tooltipGlossaryLink">See in [Glossary](Glossary.html#subshader)</span> {
    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Extracts information for lightmapping, GI (emission, albedo, ...)
    // This pass is not used during regular rendering.
        Pass
        {
            Name "META"
            Tags {"LightMode"="Meta"}
            Cull Off
            CGPROGRAM
 
            #include"UnityStandardMeta.cginc"
 
            sampler2D _GIAlbedoTex;
            fixed4 _GIAlbedoColor;
            float4 frag_meta2 (v2f_meta i): SV_Target
            {
                // We're interested in diffuse & specular colors
                // and surface roughness to produce final albedo.
               
                FragmentCommonData data = UNITY_SETUP_BRDF_INPUT (i.uv);
                UnityMetaInput o;
                UNITY_INITIALIZE_OUTPUT(UnityMetaInput, o);
                fixed4 c = tex2D (_GIAlbedoTex, i.uv);
                o.Albedo = fixed3(c.rgb * _GIAlbedoColor.rgb);
                o.Emission = Emission(i.uv.xy);
                return UnityMetaFragment(o);
            }
           
            #pragma vertex vert_meta
            #pragma fragment frag_meta2
            #pragma shader_feature _EMISSION
            #pragma shader_feature _METALLICGLOSSMAP
            #pragma shader_feature ___ _DETAIL_MULX2
            ENDCG
        }
       
        Tags {"RenderType"="Opaque"}
        __LOD__The _Level Of Detail_ (LOD) technique is an optimization that reduces the number of triangles that Unity has to render for a GameObject when its distance from the Camera increases. Each LOD level has either a Mesh with a __Mesh Renderer__ component (_Mesh LOD level_) or a __Billboard Asset__ with a __Billboard Renderer__ component (_Billboard LOD level_). Typically a single GameObject has three or four Mesh LOD levels and one optional Billboard LOD level to represent the same GameObject with decreasing detail in the geometry. [More info](LevelOfDetail.html)<span class="tooltipGlossaryLink">See in [Glossary](Glossary.html#LOD)</span> 200
 
        CGPROGRAM
        // Physically-based Standard lighting model, and enable shadows on all light types
        #pragma surface surf Standard fullforwardshadows nometa
        // Use Shader model 3.0 target, to get nicer looking lighting
        #pragma target 3.0
 
        sampler2D _MainTex;
 
        struct Input {
            float2 uv_MainTex;
        };
       
        half _Glossiness;
        half _Metallic;
        fixed4 _Color;
       
        void surf (Input IN,inout SurfaceOutputStandard o){
            // Albedo comes from a texture tinted by color
            fixed4 c = tex2D (_MainTex, IN.uv_MainTex)* _Color;
            o.Albedo = c.rgb;
            // Metallic and smoothness come from slider variables
            o.Metallic = _Metallic;
            o.Smoothness = _Glossiness;
            o.Alpha = c.a;
        }
        ENDCG
    }
 
    FallBack "Diffuse"
}

---

• 2017–10–31 Page amended with limited editorial review