Scripting restrictions

Unity strives to provide a common scripting API and experience across all platforms it supports. However, some platforms have inherent restrictions. To help you understand these restrictions and support cross-platform code, the following table describes which restrictions apply to each platform and scripting backendA framework that powers scripting in Unity. Unity supports three different scripting backends depending on target platform: Mono, .NET and IL2CPP. Universal Windows Platform, however, supports only two: .NET and IL2CPP. More info
See in Glossary:

.NET 4.x equivalent scripting runtime

Platform (scripting backend)	Ahead-of-time compile	No threads	.NET Core class libraries subset
Android (IL2CPP)	✔
Android (Mono)
iOSApple’s mobile operating system. More info See in Glossary (IL2CPP)	✔
PlayStation 4Sony’s eighth generation video game console. See in Glossary (IL2CPP)	✔
PlayStation Vita (IL2CPP)	✔
Standalone (IL2CPP)	✔
Standalone (Mono)
Switch (IL2CPP)	✔
Universal Windows PlatformAn IAP feature that supports Microsoft’s In App Purchase simulator, which allows you to test IAP purchase flows on devices before publishing your application. More info See in Glossary (IL2CPP)	✔
Universal Windows Platform (.NET)			✔
WebGLA JavaScript API that renders 2D and 3D graphics in a web browser. The Unity WebGL build option allows Unity to publish content as JavaScript programs which use HTML5 technologies and the WebGL rendering API to run Unity content in a web browser. More info See in Glossary (IL2CPP)	✔	✔
WiiU (Mono)
XBox OneMicrosoft’s eighth generation video game console. See in Glossary (IL2CPP)	✔

.NET 3.5 equivalent scripting runtime

Warning: This functionality is deprecated, and should no longer be used. Please use .NET 4.

Platform (scripting backend)	Ahead-of-time compile	No threads	.NET Core class libraries subset
Android (IL2CPP)	✔
Android (Mono)
iOS (IL2CPP)	✔
PlayStation 4 (IL2CPP)	✔
PlayStation 4 (Mono)	✔
PlayStation Vita (IL2CPP)	✔
PlayStation Vita (Mono)	✔
Standalone (IL2CPP)	✔
Standalone (Mono)
Switch (IL2CPP)	✔
Universal Windows Platform (IL2CPP)	✔
Universal Windows Platform (.NET)			✔
WebGL (IL2CPP)	✔	✔
WiiU (Mono)
XBox One (IL2CPP)	✔
XBox One (Mono)	✔

Ahead-of-time compile

Some platforms do not allow runtime code generation. Therefore, any managed code which depends upon just-in-time (JIT) compilation on the target device will fail. Instead, you need to compile all of the managed code ahead-of-time (AOT). Often, this distinction doesn’t matter, but in a few specific cases, AOT platforms require additional consideration.

System.Reflection.Emit

An AOT platform cannot implement any of the methods in the System.Reflection.Emit namespace. The rest of System.Reflection is acceptable, as long as the compiler can infer that the code used via reflection needs to exist at runtime.

Serialization

AOT platforms can encounter issues with serialization and deserlization due to the use of reflection. If a type or method is only used via reflection as part of serialization or deserialization, the AOT compiler cannot detect that the code needs to be generated for the type or method.

Generic virtual methods

Generic methods require the compiler to do some additional work to expand the code written by the developer to the code executed on the device. For example, you need different code for List with an int or a double. In the presence of virtual methods, where behavior is determined at runtime rather than compile time, the compiler can easily require runtime code generation in places where it is not entirely obvious from the source code.

The following code example works exactly as expected on a JIT platform (it prints “Message value: Zero” to the console once):

using UnityEngine;
using System;

public class AOTProblemExample : MonoBehaviour, IReceiver
{
    public enum AnyEnum 
    {
        Zero,
        One,
    }

    void Start() 
    {
        // Subtle trigger: The type of manager *must* be
        // IManager, not Manager, to trigger the AOT problem.
        IManager manager = new Manager();
        manager.SendMessage(this, AnyEnum.Zero);
    }

    public void OnMessage<T>(T value) 
    {
        Debug.LogFormat("Message value: {0}", value);
    }
}

public class Manager : IManager 
{
    public void SendMessage<T>(IReceiver target, T value) {
        target.OnMessage(value);
    }
}

public interface IReceiver
{
    void OnMessage<T>(T value);
}

public interface IManager 
{
    void SendMessage<T>(IReceiver target, T value);
}

However, when you execute this code on an AOT platform with the IL2CPPA Unity-developed scripting back-end which you can use as an alternative to Mono when building Projects for some platforms. More info
See in Glossary scripting backend, this exception occurs:

ExecutionEngineException: Attempting to call method 'AOTProblemExample::OnMessage<AOTProblemExample+AnyEnum>' for which no ahead of time (AOT) code was generated.
  at Manager.SendMessage[T] (IReceiver target, .T value) [0x00000] in <filename unknown>:0 
  at AOTProblemExample.Start () [0x00000] in <filename unknown>:0 

Likewise, the Mono scripting backend provides this similar exception:

  ExecutionEngineException: Attempting to JIT compile method 'Manager:SendMessage<AOTProblemExample/AnyEnum> (IReceiver,AOTProblemExample/AnyEnum)' while running with --aot-only.
  at AOTProblemExample.Start () [0x00000] in <filename unknown>:0 

The AOT compiler does not realize that it should generate code for the generic method OnMessage with a T of AnyEnum, so it continues, skipping this method. When that method is called, and the runtime can’t find the proper code to execute, it returns this error message.

To work around an AOT issue like this, you can force the compiler to generate the proper code. You can add the following example method to the AOTProblemExample class:

public void UsedOnlyForAOTCodeGeneration() 
{
    // IL2CPP needs only this line.
    OnMessage(AnyEnum.Zero);

    // Mono also needs this line. Note that we are
    // calling directly on the Manager, not the IManager interface.
    new Manager().SendMessage(null, AnyEnum.Zero);

    // Include an exception so we can be sure to know if this method is ever called.
    throw new InvalidOperationException("This method is used for AOT code generation only. Do not call it at runtime.");
}

When the compiler encounters the explicit call to OnMessage with a T of AnyEnum, it generates the proper code for the runtime to execute. The method UsedOnlyForAOTCodeGeneration does not need to be called; it just needs to exist for the compiler to see it.

No threads

Some platforms do not support the use of threads, so any managed code that uses the System.Threading namespace will fail at runtime. Also, some parts of the .NET class libraries implicitly depend upon threads. An often-used example is the System.Timers.Timer class, which depends on support for threads.

Exception filters

IL2CPP does not support C# exception filters. You should modify the code that depends on exception filters into the proper catch blocks.

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• 2019–05–28 Page amended with editorial review
  

• Removed Samsung TV support.

• .Net 3.5 scripting runtime deprecated in Unity 2018.3 NewIn20183