ShaderLab: Blending

Blending is used to make transparent objects.

When graphics are rendered, after all ShadersA small script that contains the mathematical calculations and algorithms for calculating the Color of each pixel rendered, based on the lighting input and the Material configuration. More info
See in Glossary have executed and all Textures have been applied, the pixelsThe smallest unit in a computer image. Pixel size depends on your screen resolution. Pixel lighting is calculated at every screen pixel. More info
See in Glossary are written to the screen. How they are combined with what is already there is controlled by the Blend command.

Syntax

Blend Off: Turn off blending (this is the default)

Blend SrcFactor DstFactor: Configure and enable blending. The generated color is multiplied by the SrcFactor. The color already on screen is multiplied by DstFactor and the two are added together.

Blend SrcFactor DstFactor, SrcFactorA DstFactorA: Same as above, but use different factors for blending the alpha channel.

BlendOp Op: Instead of adding blended colors together, carry out a different operation on them.

BlendOp OpColor, OpAlpha: Same as above, but use different blend operation for color (RGB) and alpha (A) channels.

Additionally, you can set upper-rendertarget blending modes. When using multiple render target (MRT) renderingThe process of drawing graphics to the screen (or to a render texture). By default, the main camera in Unity renders its view to the screen. More info
See in Glossary, the regular syntax above sets up the same blending modes for all render targets. The following syntax can set up different blending modes for individual render targets, where N is the render target index (0..7). This feature works on most modern APIs/GPUs (DX11/12, GLCore, Metal, PS4):

• Blend N SrcFactor DstFactor
• Blend N SrcFactor DstFactor, SrcFactorA DstFactorA
• BlendOp N Op
• BlendOp N OpColor, OpAlpha

AlphaToMask On: Turns on alpha-to-coverage. When MSAA is used, alpha-to-coverage modifies multisample coverage mask proportionally to the pixel Shader result alpha value. This is typically used for less aliased outlines than regular alpha test; useful for vegetation and other alpha-tested Shaders.

Blend operations

The following blend operations can be used:

Add	Add source and destination together.
Sub	Subtract destination from source.
RevSub	Subtract source from destination.
Min	Use the smaller of source and destination.
Max	Use the larger of source and destination.
LogicalClear	Logical operation: Clear (0) DX11.1 only.
LogicalSet	Logical operation: Set (1) DX11.1 only.
LogicalCopy	Logical operation: Copy (s) DX11.1 only.
LogicalCopyInverted	Logical operation: Copy inverted (!s) DX11.1 only.
LogicalNoop	Logical operation: Noop (d) DX11.1 only.
LogicalInvert	Logical operation: Invert (!d) DX11.1 only.
LogicalAnd	Logical operation: And (s & d) DX11.1 only.
LogicalNand	Logical operation: Nand !(s & d) DX11.1 only.
LogicalOr	Logical operation: Or (s | d) DX11.1 only.
LogicalNor	Logical operation: Nor !(s | d) DX11.1 only.
LogicalXor	Logical operation: Xor (s ^ d) DX11.1 only.
LogicalEquiv	Logical operation: Equivalence !(s ^ d) DX11.1 only.
LogicalAndReverse	Logical operation: Reverse And (s & !d) DX11.1 only.
LogicalAndInverted	Logical operation: Inverted And (!s & d) DX11.1 only.
LogicalOrReverse	Logical operation: Reverse Or (s | !d) DX11.1 only.
LogicalOrInverted	Logical operation: Inverted Or (!s | d) DX11.1 only.

Blend factors

All following properties are valid for both SrcFactor & DstFactor in the Blend command. Source refers to the calculated color, Destination is the color already on the screen. The blend factors are ignored if BlendOp is using logical operations.

One	The value of one - use this to let either the source or the destination color come through fully.
Zero	The value zero - use this to remove either the source or the destination values.
SrcColor	The value of this stage is multiplied by the source color value.
SrcAlpha	The value of this stage is multiplied by the source alpha value.
DstColor	The value of this stage is multiplied by frame buffer source color value.
DstAlpha	The value of this stage is multiplied by frame buffer source alpha value.
OneMinusSrcColor	The value of this stage is multiplied by (1 - source color).
OneMinusSrcAlpha	The value of this stage is multiplied by (1 - source alpha).
OneMinusDstColor	The value of this stage is multiplied by (1 - destination color).
OneMinusDstAlpha	The value of this stage is multiplied by (1 - destination alpha).

Details

Below are the most common blend types:

Blend SrcAlpha OneMinusSrcAlpha // Traditional transparency
Blend One OneMinusSrcAlpha // Premultiplied transparency
Blend One One // Additive
Blend OneMinusDstColor One // Soft Additive
Blend DstColor Zero // Multiplicative
Blend DstColor SrcColor // 2x Multiplicative

Alpha blending, alpha testing, alpha-to-coverage

For drawing mostly fully opaque or fully transparent objects, where transparency is defined by the Texture’s alpha channel (e.g. leaves, grass, chain fences etc.), several approaches are commonly used:

Alpha blending

This often means that objects have to be considered as “semitransparent”, and thus can’t use some of the rendering features (for example: deferred shading, can’t receive shadows). Concave or overlapping alpha-blended objects often also have draw ordering issues.

Often, alpha-blended Shaders also set transparent render queue, and turn off depth writes. So the Shader code looks like:

// inside SubShader
Tags { "Queue"="Transparent" "RenderType"="Transparent" "IgnoreProjector"="True" }

// inside Pass
ZWrite Off
Blend SrcAlpha OneMinusSrcAlpha

Alpha testing/cutout

By using clip() HLSL instruction in the pixel Shader, a pixel can be “discarded” or not based on some criteria. This means that object can still be considered as fully opaque, and has no draw ordering issues. However, this means that all pixels are fully opaque or transparent, leading to aliasing (“jaggies”).

Often, alpha-tested Shaders also set cutout render queue, so the Shader code looks like this:

// inside SubShader
Tags { "Queue"="AlphaTest" "RenderType"="TransparentCutout" "IgnoreProjector"="True" }

// inside CGPROGRAM in the fragment Shader:
clip(textureColor.a - alphaCutoffValue);

Alpha-to-coverage

When using multisample anti-aliasing (MSAA, see QualitySettings), it is possible to improve the alpha testing approach by using alpha-to-coverage GPU functionality. This improves edge appearance, depending on the MSAA level used.

This functionality works best on texures that are mostly opaque or transparent, and have very thin “partially transparent” areas (grass, leaves and similar).

Often, alpha-to-coverage Shaders also set cutout render queue. So the Shader code looks like:

// inside SubShader
Tags { "Queue"="AlphaTest" "RenderType"="TransparentCutout" "IgnoreProjector"="True" }

// inside Pass
AlphaToMask On

Example

Here is a small example Shader that adds a Texture to whatever is on the screen already:

Shader "Simple Additive" {
    Properties {
        _MainTex ("Texture to blend", 2D) = "black" {}
    }
    SubShader {
        Tags { "Queue" = "Transparent" }
        Pass {
            Blend One One
            SetTexture [_MainTex] { combine texture }
        }
    }
}