Introduction to physics articulations

A physics articulation is a set of Articulation Bodies organized in a logical tree, in which each parent-child relationship reflects mutually constrained relative motion.

The main purpose of physics articulations is to provide a realistic physics behavior for commercial and industrial non-gaming applications that involve jointsA physics component allowing a dynamic connection between Rigidbody components, usually allowing some degree of movement such as a hinge. More info
See in Glossary. For example, they make it a lot easier than the regular Joints to simulate robotic arms and kinematic chains.

Articulation setup vs. regular joints

In the most basic scenario to get two physical bodies linked with a single joint, you can either build an articulation or use regular joints, as described in the following table.

However, the overall resulting behavior is not the same in both cases, especially if you extend this principle to multiple physical bodies and joints.

If you try to use regular joints to model kinematic chains such as in a rag doll, robotic arm, or mechanism with several concurrent hinges, the physics engineA system that simulates aspects of physical systems so that objects can accelerate correctly and be affected by collisions, gravity and other forces. More info
See in Glossary might encounter unsolvable scenarios and leave certain constraints unsatisfied. This might result in stuttery and unrealistic motion. Not only would the joints look peculiar, but it would also be impossible to use them for simulating a real device, impeding efforts to model or prototype industrial designs.

Building an Articulation in Unity

To build a physics articulation in Unity, you must add an Articulation Body component to each GameObject that the articulation consists of. Each Articulation Body component allows you to configure in one single place:

• The physical body properties of the corresponding GameObject. Basically, its mass and the way it responds to the physics environment.

• The type and properties of the joint that links the GameObject to its parent GameObject (except for the root of the articulation).

The example below shows a simple physics articulation that involves 3 physical bodies and 2 joints:

To build such an articulation in Unity:

1. Create a linear hierarchy of 3 GameObjects.

2. Add an Articulation Body component to each of these 3 GameObjects.

3. Configure each Articulation Body component (according to the above graphic):

Note: By definition, an articulation can only have one root and is not allowed to have kinematic loops. If you need kinematic loops, use regular joints.

Limitation: If you want to build very long articulation chains, you must still be aware that Unity supports a maximum hierarchy depth of 64 GameObjects.

Articulation Joint types and degrees of freedom

There are four types of articulation joints that you can select and configure through an Articulation Body:

• Fixed jointA joint type that is completely constrained, allowing two objects to be held together. Implemented as a spring so some motion may still occur. More info
  See in Glossary: sets a rigid, unbreakable and unstretchable link between bodies.

• Prismatic joint: prevents all motion except sliding along a particular axis.

• Revolute joint: allows rotation around a particular axis (like a hinge).

• Spherical joint: anatomical joint, which allows two swings and one twist.

All locked degrees of freedom in an articulation are unbreakable and unstretchable by design. To achieve this, the physics engine uses the reduced coordinate space, where bodies only have coordinates about unlocked axes of motion.

In contrast, for the regular iterative joints, the physics engine enforces the maximal coordinate space, which only guarantees the satisfaction of constraints if the solver is able to converge after a set of iterations.

Physics articulation demo

Check out Unity’s robotics demo project to experiment with a serial link robot arm with articulation joints.